• Recurrent infections, such as UTI

• Hot climate increasing the concentration of solutes in urine

• Dehydration: People who drink less than the recommended 8 – 10 glasses of water may be susceptible to kidney stones

• Metabolic causes such as hyperparathyroidism, Gout

• Immobilization (such as a paraplegic patient), sedentary lifestyle

• Randall’s plaques

• Renal anomalies like PUJ obstruction.

• Family history of stone formers 

• Infrequent Ejaculation or abstinence from sexual activity

• Urination immediately after ejaculation

• Bladder outlet obstruction such as BPH, Stricture urethra, Stones, Tumors

• A suppressed immune system,

• Catheterization

• Unprotected sex / Multiple Partners

• Diabetes Mellitus

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlargement of prostate gland.Urination problems such as difficulty of starting stream, poor flow, frequent urination especially at night, unable to control urination and sometimes leakage are common symptoms of BPH. If these are not treated well in time it may lead to complications like blood in urine or semen, urine retention, bladder muscle weakness, kidney failure, hernia formation, stone formation etc. If these complications appear then surgery becomes mandatory. Erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction may occur.

Prostate cancer is due to the genetic mutation of certain prostate cell lines. Risk factors such as advancing age, family history, race, geography may also affect the chance of cancer developing.

There are certain considerations that one can adopt to prevent prostate cancer :

• Maintain a healthy body weight

• Limit your red meat and dairy intake

• Balanced vegetarian diet

• Exercise regularly

• Ejaculate regularly

• Avoid smoking

• Drink in moderation

• Avoid over the counter health promotion drugs / supplements

• After the age of 40, go for a yearly rectal exam with/without a PSA test. Talk to your urologist about prostate cancer screening.